PESTS OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

PESTS ON VEGETABLES

BRINJAL

Shoot and fruit borer: Leucinodes orbonalis : Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera.

DESCRIPTION

•  Eggs - Creamy white eggs. 
• Larva - pink in colour. 
• Pupa- greyish boat shaped cocoon. 
• Adult-   a medium sized moth. Forewings- having black and brown patches and dots on white colour. Hind wings – opalescent with black dots.

SYMPTOMS DAMAGE 

v  Withering of terminal shoots/ dead hearts. Bore holes on shoots and fruits plugged with excreta. Shedding of flower buds. Withering and drying of leaves.

 

 

Adult Moth

Caterpiller

Withering of Shoot (Dead heart)

 

Bore hole on Fruit And Decaying of fruit

 

 

 

Stem borer: Euzophera perticella: Phycitidae: Lepidoptera.

           v Egg- Cream, scale-like. Larva – Yellowish or light brown with red head.

           v  Adult – Moth with greyish brown forewings having transverse lines and white hindwings.

  v  Top shoots of young plants droop and wither, bore holes plugged with excreta, older plants become stunted. Fruit bearing is affected.

Bud worm: Scrobipalpa blapsigona: Gelechidae: Lepidoptera.

v  Larvae - pale whitish with pink tinge. 

Adult - small with heavily fringed wings.

v  Shrivelling and shedding of flower buds.

Hairy caterpillars: Selepa celtis: Noctuidae: Lepidoptera.

•    Larva: yellowish in colour having a lateral reddish line with a series of black         

                  spots. 

    Adult: medium sized with pale brown head and thorax and dark brown abdomen.

          

    

Grasshoppers: Atractomorpha crenulata, Oxya japonica, Poekilocerus pictus:Acrididae: Orthoptera.

Poekilocerus pictus

Nymph: Greenish-yellow with fine black markings and small crimson spots.
Adult: Canary yellow and turquoise stripes on its body, green tegmina with yellow spots, and pale red hind wings.

Oxya japonica

Adult: Dark brownish green; a black band start from each eye along superior margin of lateral lobe continuing upto episternum

Ovipositing Grass hopper

• 

  Atractomorpha crenulata
  
  
  

• It is commonly known as the tobacco grasshopper.
• Medium size body, greenish in color, with well-developed tegmina and rosy wings.

Ash Weevils: Myllocerus maculosus,   

                        M. discolor, 

                        M.subfasciatus, 

                        M. viridanus : Curculionidae: Coleoptera

Leaf miner:Scrobipalpa heliopa: Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera.

v  Larva: Cylindrical, greyish white or green in color. Adult-small, brown moth.

Spotted beetle: Epilachna vigintioctopunctata: Coccinellidae:Coleoptera

v  Eggs- Cigar shaped, yellow in colour. Grub:  Yellowish bearing six rows of longitudinal spines. Pupa: Yellowish with spines on posterior part and anterior portion being devoid of spines. Adult- 14 deep red spots on each elytran.

v  Scrapping of chlorophyll, Skeletonization and drying of leaves.

 

 

 

Black ant:Camponotus infuscus:Formicidae: Hymenoptera

Brown ant: Solenopsis geminate: Formicidae: Hymenoptera

v Nibbling and tunnelling in the outer tissues of main stem and shoots.

Lace wing bug: Urentius hystericellus:Tingidae: Hemiptera

v Nymph – yellowish white with prominent spines. Adult: Dorsal side - straw coloured, ventral side – black coloured, Pronotum and forewings reticulated.

v  Yellowing of leaves, Affected leaves covered with  exuviae and excreta.

Mealy bug:Coccidohystrix insolita:Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera.

v  Small, oval, soft-bodied bugs covered with white mealy wax.

v  Presence of cluster of white mealy bugs on the lower side of older plants: yellowing and drying of leaves.

Brown leaf hopper: Cestius phycitis:Cicadellidae: Hemiptera.

v Small, light brown leaf hopper.

v Vector of little leaf disease.

 BHENDI

 Shoot & Fruit borer : Earias vitella, Earias insulana: Noctuidae: Lepidoptera.

Egg: Spherical, bluish-green, shining eggs laid on flower buds, bracts and tender leaves.

Larva- E. vitella brown with dorsum showing a white median longitudinal streak; the last two thoracic segments and all the abdominal segments have two pairs of fleshy tubercles (finger shaped processes), one dorsal and the other lateral. Pupa: yellowish brown and boat shaped. Adult: Small, buff coloured, forewings buff coloured with a green wedge. E.insulana forewings uniformly silvery green. Larva: without finger shaped processes.

Drying and dropping of terminal shoots during pre-flowering stage, shedding of buds & flowers; bore holes on fruits. Deformed fruits 

 

PESTS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

 

PESTS ON RICE

v  Rice is the staple food for the people throughout the world, especially in India.

v  More than 100 insect species of insects infest rice crop.

v  India is the second largest producer of rice.

     "So dependent upon rice are the Asian countries that throughout history a failure of that crop has caused widespread famine and death."

                                                                      ------Robert F. Chandler, Jr., 1979

1.   Swarming caterpillar or Armyworm:Spodoptera mauritia Noctuidae : Lepidoptera

ü  Sporadic pest appears during July- September.

ü  Larva: Long, cylindrical, smooth and dark to pale green in color, with dull reddish and yellowish dorsal and sub dorsal stripes.

ü  Adult: medium size, Grayish brown moth with black spot near the anterior margin and irregular, wavy, black band along the lateral margin of forewing.. Hindwing whitish brown

ü  Cutting of seedlings in large scale, similar to cattle grazing by nocturnal feeding. Peduncles of ears bitten through in maturing crop.   

Egg period: 7 days; Larval period: 20-25 days; Pupal period: 10-15 days    

ADULT 

EGG MASS

Management

1. Summer ploughing
2. Collection and destruction of egg masses
3. Flood the nursery to expose the hiding larvae to the surface and thus they picked up by birds.
4. Allow the ducks into the field to feed on the larvae.
5. Kerosinate the water while irrigation to suffocate and kill the larvae.
6. Set up light traps to attract adult moths.
7. Dusting neem cake / pungam cake powder @ 10 kg/ac.
8. Dusting of wood ash @ 10-12 kg/ac.
9. Keep neem leaves in bunches at 10 different places per acre.
10. Drain the water from the nursery and spray Chlorpyriphos 20EC 80 ml or Endosulfan 35 EC 80 ml during late evening.

2.   Leaf folder: Cnaphalocrocis medinalis: Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera

ü  Egg: Flat transparent, single eggs found on the under surface of the leaves.

ü  Larva: pale yellowish green, smooth, which folds of the leaves and webs them and stays inside the folded leaves and scrapes the green portion.

ü  The scrapped portion becomes white and papery.

ü  Grown up larva pupates inside the folded leaf in a loose silken cocoon.

ü  Adult: Moths are small in size and brownish orange in color. The forewings are light brown in color, with two distinct, dark wavy lines on each wing. The hind wings are light brown in color with one dark, wavy line and dark brown band along the margin.

ü  It completes 3-5 overlapping generation in each year.

EGG

LARVA

PUPA

ADULT 

SILVERY PATCHES ON FOLDED LEAVES

  

ETL:10% - Vegetative stage,  5% - Boot leaf stage

Management: 

1. Grow Resistant varieties: TNAU LFR 831311, Cauveri, Akash, TKM 6
2. Clipping of the affected leaves
3. Keep the bunds clean by  trimming and remove the weeds
4. Avoid use of excess  nitrogenous fertilizers
5. Set up light traps to attract and kill the moths
6. Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 1, 25,000/ha thrice on 37^th, 44^th & 51^st DAT, followed by three sprays of Monocrotophos 35 EC 1000 ml/ha on 58^th,65^th & 72^nd  DAT.
7. 3% neem oil emulsion with 5 litres of kerosene can be sprayed to control the pest efficiency.
8. Conserve predators like, spider,Mermithids,Damselfly,Ants,Rove beetles.
9. Apply  the fungal pathogens like, Beauveria bassiana, Zoopthora radicans
10. Apply Granulosis virus & NPV.
11. Spray 5% NSKE and Fenithrothion 50 EC one litre or Chlorpyriphose20 EC 1.25 lit or Phasolone 35 EC 1.5 lit per ha. One spray at boot leaf stage gives adequate protection against RLF.
12. Carbaryl 50 WP 25 Kg or chlorpyriphos 20 EC 1250 ml/ ha
13. Avoid resurgence inducing chemicals like Carbofuran.

NON INSECTS PESTS OF RICE